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git reset 的用法

这两天开始学git了，老师给了一份资料让看看，总体看着还不太难，可是在学到git reset的时

候，却发现老师说的太过笼统和概括了，没法理解！在终端上怎么运行也看不出个所以然。从网

上找了些资料都是太简约了，没有反应出最直接的东西，不过这里我要特别说一下

《看日记学git》之二十五 http://roclinux.cn/?p=622 这篇文章还是不错的很是适合初学

者理解git reset的工作原理。但是我在操作的过程中，还是发现有些话说的不够明白，自己又

结合了Git 版本控制系統 (1)by ihower ihower.idv.tw/blog/archives/2591

的文章中关于“git diff的进行比较的作用”。终于理解了git reset的用法。在说git reset 之前我感

觉有必要先弄清楚git diff的作用，在此分享！希望大家给予支持！

1. git diff 的用法和作用

2. git reset的用法和作用

1 git diff 有三个命令，git diff ,git diff --cached,git diff HEAD.

这里我有比要说明一下，cached 是有缓存的意思。HEAD 是工作树的最新的一次提交

$ git show HEAD^ # 查看HEAD 的父版本更新细节
$ git show HEAD^^ # 查看HEAD 的祖父版本更新细节
$ git show HEAD~4 # 查看HEAD 的祖父之祖父的版本更新细节

结合一个图会更容易理解一点：

这个图很清楚的说明了映像，和提交的步骤，git add 命令是首先映像到staging area 阶

段，但这时只是将工作树的改变先缓存在一个地方，真正的文件还没有改变。只有git commit

后工作树中的文件才改变。

git diff 比较的是前两个阶段即working directory（一下称1段）和staging area（一下称2段）.

git diff --cached 比较的是第二个阶段staging area 和 repository（一下称3段）.

git diff HEAD 比较的是repository 和 working directory.

好这里git diff 就说到这。言归正传，请读者按下面的步骤操作，你很快就会对git reset有

深刻的认识了！

2.git reset

happyasen@asen-desktop:~
>$ mkdir git25
happyasen@asen-desktop:~
>$ cd git25
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ vi roc.c   /*按照下面的内容建立roc.c*/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ cat -n roc.c /*查看roc.c的内容*/
     1   /*
     2   * ================================================

    4   *       Filename: roc.c
     5   *
     6   *    Description:
     7   *
     8   *        Version: 1.0
     9   *        Created: 2009年08月22日 11时28分17秒 CST
    10   *       Revision: none
    11   *       Compiler: gcc
    12   *
    13   *         Author:   (),
    14   *        Company:
    15   *
    16   * =============================================
    17   */
    18
    19   #include <stdio.h>
    20   int
    21   main()
    22   {
    23            printf("He is a young man.\n");
    24            return 0;
    25   }
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/happyasen/git25/.git/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git add .
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git commit -m "1"
Created initial commit 98d8694: 1
1 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 roc.c
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log /*利用git log 我们可以清楚的看到roc.c的变更历史*/
commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ vi roc.c /*向roc.c 中加入内容，第一次修改*/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff   /*比较你会发现工作树中的内容还没有映像到2段阶段。所以2，3段

中实际上还是第一次提交的内容，所以git diff 和git diff HEAD有输出。

而git diff --cached没有输出*/
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index c9e2e4e..4fc1b3e 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -21,5 +21,6 @@ int
main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
+        printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
         return 0;
}

happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index c9e2e4e..4fc1b3e 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -21,5 +21,6 @@ int
main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
+        printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git add ./*将1段的内容映像到2段，2段中的内容更新成了1段的内容。

这时候在用diff 就会发现 git diff已经没有输出了，而git diff --cached

和git diff HEAD 有输出*/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index c9e2e4e..4fc1b3e 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -21,5 +21,6 @@ int
main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
+        printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index c9e2e4e..4fc1b3e 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -21,5 +21,6 @@ int
main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
+        printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git commit -m "2"/*提交！这时 2段的内容提交到3段。

这时候在diff 我想你应该知道会出现什么样的结果了吧*/
Created commit 09161f5: 2
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
/*为了加深理解我们在改变一次roc.c的内容，即进行第二次修改文件*/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ vi roc.c /*第二次修改为如下cat －n roc.c内容*/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log/*查看文件更改日志可以看到第三次修改还没有加入到git仓库中*/
commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ cat -n roc.c
     1   /*
     2   * ===================================

     3   *
     4   *       Filename: roc.c
     5   *
     6   *    Description:
     7   *
     8   *        Version: 1.0
     9   *        Created: 2009年08月22日 11时28分17秒 CST
    10   *       Revision: none
    11   *       Compiler: gcc
    12   *
    13   *         Author:   (),
    14   *        Company:
    15   *
    16   * ===================================

    17   */
    18
    19   #include <stdio.h>
    20   int
    21   main()
    22   {
    23            printf("He is a young man.\n");
    24            printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
    25            printf("He is very handsome.\n");
    26            return 0;
    27   }
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff/*再次用diff进行比较一下，加深diff的使用*/
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git add roc.c
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log /*从这可以看出，没有提交是不生成变更日志的*/
commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1

happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}

happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git add roc.c
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git commit -m "3"
Created commit 49e90bf: 3
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log /*提交后变更日志有了第二次修改*/
commit 49e90bf24881a4c5fe18e903daca0d52ef361623
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:24:17 2009 +0800

    3

commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1

/*下面就让我们进入reset 阶段，看一看reset的功能*/

git reset 有三个常用命令：

git-reset 命令有三个选项:--mixed 、 --soft 和 --hard 。我们在日常使用

中仅使用前两个选项; 第三个选项由于杀伤力太大, 容易损坏项目仓库,需谨慎使
用。
--mixed 是 git-reset 的默认选项,它的作用是重置索引内容, 将其定位到指定
的项目版本, 而不改变你的工作树中的所有内容, 只是提示你有哪些文件还未更
新。
--soft 选项既不触动索引的位置, 也不改变工作树中的任何内容,但是会要
求它们处于一个良好的次序之内。该选项会保留你在工作树中的所有更新并使之
处于待提交状态。

看到上面给出的标准定义。我想你肯定是一头雾水了吧？！

没关系下面跟我一块去探探到底这是什么东东？

happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git reset HEAD^/*利用默认选项回到第二次修改的地方，然后看看

发生了什么*/
roc.c: locally modified
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log
commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ cat -n roc.c
     1   /*
     2   * ============================
     3   *
     4   *       Filename: roc.c
     5   *
     6   *    Description:
     7   *
     8   *        Version: 1.0
     9   *        Created: 2009年08月22日 11时28分17秒 CST
    10   *       Revision: none
    11   *       Compiler: gcc
    12   *
    13   *         Author:   (),
    14   *        Company:
    15   *
    16   * ============================
    17   */
    18
    19   #include <stdio.h>
    20   int
    21   main()
    22   {
    23            printf("He is a young man.\n");
    24            printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
    25            printf("He is very handsome.\n");
    26            return 0;
    27   }

/*看到了吗，发生了什么？默认选项回到的是父版修改后但还没有映像的状态，

也就是相当于，第二次刚刚修改好，但还没有add 到2段。默认选项就是实现的这个

功能，明白了吧？*/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git commit -a -m "3"/*让我们把第二次修改提交了，回到没有

git reset 的时候*/
Created commit 8554dd1: 3
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log
commit 8554dd1247166e67a3603987832efbba4220dd99
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:29:08 2009 +0800

    3

commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1

/*看看第二个选项soft的作用*/
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git reset --soft HEAD^
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log
commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
diff --git a/roc.c b/roc.c
index 4fc1b3e..314a544 100644
--- a/roc.c
+++ b/roc.c
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@ main()
{
         printf("He is a young man.\n");
         printf("He is 24 years old.\n");
+        printf("He is very handsome.\n");
         return 0;
}
/*看到了把，soft是回到了第二次已经修改了，

也add 了，但是没有提交的那步*/

happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git commit -m "3"/*再次还原*/
Created commit 34b07aa: 3
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log
commit 34b07aa80945b8b8b05f7bdc7617cf5923c01f41
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:32:04 2009 +0800

    3

commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1

/*来看看hard 的作用*/

happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git reset --hard HEAD^
HEAD is now at 09161f5 2
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git log
commit 09161f59270d9e5ac828926fe1f23bd6941bf468
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 15:03:13 2009 +0800

    2

commit 98d86943e91a48a87c4d6c51f3b8273229bbfefe
Author: happyasen <happyasen@asen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Sat Aug 22 11:30:52 2009 +0800

    1
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git cached
git: 'cached' is not a git-command. See 'git --help'.
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff --cached
happyasen@asen-desktop:~/git25
>$ git diff HEAD
/*看到了吧。直接把第二次修改完全删除了*/

看了这些我想你对git reset 应该有透彻的认识了吧!

点终端上的编辑->

配置文件->

选default->

点编辑->

颜色，背景，透明背景

透明度自己调这个方法简单吧？剩下的自己摸索摸索就应该知道了吧.

1）首先在打开终端输入命令如下

1、sudo apt-get install xpdf-chinese-simplified xpdf-chinese-traditional

2、搜索并安装poppler-data软件包（这个一般可以在新特立中可以直接装上，或者在终端中输入命令sudo apt-get install popppler-data 来安装或者下载压缩包poppler-data-0.2.0.tar.gz
解压缩： sudo tar xzvf poppler-data.0.1.1.tar.gz -C /usr/local/&& cd /usr//local/ poppler）

3、sudo rm /etc/fonts/conf.d/49-sansserif.conf

问题一般可以解决了

2）对PDF文件的乱码可以在终端中下面这个命令解决

sudo apt-get install xpdf-chinese-simplified xpdf-chinese-traditional poppler-data

3）

ubuntu 下打开文本乱码解决办法（转载）

XP 下的一个文本文件，在ubuntu下打开既然成了乱码，估计编码的原因。只要把相应的编码添加进去就可以咯。详细解决办法如下：终端输入：gconf- editor（配置编辑器）依次打开;apps-->gedit2-->preferences-->encodings双击右边的 “auto_detected"-->"添加"-->输入：GBK（GB2312）-->OK-->点向上把它移动到最上边 -->确认

终端应用于任何文件夹的命令
右键打开终端、在哪个文件夹下右击－在终端打开、就能找开终端，并且目录是相应的目录
在终端（应用程序－附件－终端）中输入命令：
sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal

安装rar压缩及解压
sudo apt-get install rar unrar p7zip p7zip-rar p7zip-full
就这么简朴，比起XP下要下载，要安装，还要找破解或注册码，感觉ubuntu就是爽
下面介绍一下如何实现分卷压缩
打开“终端”后，输入下面的命令
rar a -v1024k 目的文件原文件(路径)
其中1024k为分卷大小，目的文件为压缩文件的名称（需加后缀.rar），源文件就是被压缩的文件（注重，被压缩文件要在文件所处的路径下）
关于解压缩就不说了，因为直接点击压缩包就好了。

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git reset 的用法

看到上面给出的标准定义。我想你肯定是一头雾水了吧？！

看了这些我想你对git reset 应该有透彻的认识了吧!

ubuntu 更改终端背景颜色

ubuntu 电子书方块乱码解决方法